Collateral circulation determines brain viability in stroke. Understanding its role guides patient selection, timing, and outcomes in thrombectomy, revealing who truly benefits from intervention.

Post-TAVI conduction issues demand vigilant monitoring. Understanding risk factors and clear pacing criteria helps prevent unnecessary pacemaker implantation while ensuring timely intervention when truly needed.

Choosing the right device for complex aneurysms requires understanding anatomy, rupture risk, and flow dynamics. Comparing flow diversion, coiling, and stent-assisted methods reveals optimal strategies.

Challenging TAVI access requires anatomical insight, smart device choices, and alternate routes. Case-based strategies ensure safe navigation from complex iliofemoral terrain to successful valve delivery.

Treating long femoropopliteal lesions demands more than technical success: it requires long-term strategy, vessel preparation, and device selection tailored to biomechanics, patency, and reintervention planning.

Crossing tibial CTOs requires patience, precision, and creative access strategies. Mastering intraluminal, subintimal, and retrograde techniques is key to limb salvage in critical ischemia.